EDU 07-PERSPECTIVES OF LEARNING AND TEACHING

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                                                                  UNIT -3

                                      THEORIES OF LEARNING


     Learning theories are broadly classified into three categories- Behaviourist theories, Cognitive

 Theories and constructivist theories. Behaviourism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects

 of learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behaviour to explain brain-based learning. In Addition,

 constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas

 or concepts.


BEHAVIOURIST THEORIES


1. Thorndike‘s Theory of Connectionism/Trial; and Error learning/S-R reinforcement

Theory

2. Pavlov‘s Theory of Classical Conditioning

3. Skinner‘s Theory of Operant conditioning


The behaviourists theories consider learning as a process through which experience cause

permanent change in behavior. They interpret learning in terms of association or connection

between stimulus and response. Stimulus is an event that activates behavior and response is

the observable reaction to a stimulus.


1. THORNDIKE’S THEORY OF CONNECTIONISM/ TRIAL AND

ERROR LEARNING/ S-R REINFORCEMENT THEORY

     Trial and error is a method of learning in which various responses are tentatively tried and

some discarded until a solution is attained.

     Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) was the first American psychologist who put forward the

Trial and Error Theory of learning. According to Thorndike, all learning takes place because

of the formation of bond or connection between stimulus and response. He further says that

learning takes place through a process of approximation and correction. A person makes a

number of trials, some responses do not give satisfaction to the individual but he goes on

making further trials until he gets satisfactory responses. Thorndike conducted a number of

experiments on animals to explain the process of learning. His most widely quoted

experiment is with a cat placed in a puzzle box.

Thorndike’s Experiment

     Thorndike put a hungry cat in a puzzle box. The box had one door, which could be

opened by manipulating a latch of the door. A fish was placed outside the box. The

cat being hungry had the motivation of eating fish outside the box. However, the

obstacle was the latch on the door. 



For full notes click on the below link :-

unit 3 -Theories of learning

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